Dry eye disease is a prevalent condition characterized by insufficient lubrication of the eyes due to inadequate or poor-quality tear production. Various factors can contribute to this tear instability, leading to inflammation and damage to the ocular surface. As a result, individuals may experience discomfort and irritation.
Those suffering from dry eyes often report sensations of stinging or burning. Symptoms can be exacerbated in specific environments, such as during air travel, in air-conditioned spaces, while cycling, or after prolonged screen time.
These situations can intensify the feeling of dryness and discomfort. To alleviate the symptoms of dry eyes, various treatments are available, including lifestyle modifications and the use of eye drops.
It is important to note that ongoing management may be necessary to effectively control the symptoms and improve overall comfort.
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms, which usually affect both eyes, may include:
- A stinging, burning or scratchy sensation in your eyes
- Stringy mucus in or around your eyes
- Sensitivity to light
- Eye redness
- A sensation of having something in your eyes
- Difficulty wearing contact lenses
- Difficulty with night time driving
- Watery eyes, which is the body’s response to the irritation of dry eyes
- Blurred vision or eye fatigue
When to see a doctor
If you are experiencing persistent symptoms of dry eyes, such as redness, irritation, fatigue, or discomfort, it is advisable to consult your healthcare provider. They can assess your condition to identify the underlying issues affecting your eyes or refer you to a specialist for further evaluation.
Causes
Dry eyes can result from various factors that interfere with the integrity of the tear film, which consists of three essential layers: fatty oils, aqueous fluid, and mucus. This layered structure is crucial for maintaining the lubrication, smoothness, and clarity of the eye’s surface.
Any disruption in one or more of these layers can lead to the discomfort associated with dry eyes. Several underlying issues can contribute to tear film dysfunction, including hormonal fluctuations, autoimmune disorders, inflammation of the eyelid glands, or allergic reactions affecting the eyes. In some individuals, dry eyes may stem from reduced tear production or an increase in tear evaporation, highlighting the complexity of this condition.
Tear glands and tear ducts
The tear glands located above each eyeball, called the lacrimal glands, continuously supply tear fluid that’s wiped across the surface of your eye each time you blink your eyelids. Excess fluid drains through the tear ducts into the nose.
The lacrimal glands, situated above each eye, continuously produce tear fluid that spreads across the eye’s surface with every blink. Any excess fluid is drained through the tear ducts into the nasal cavity.
Decreased tear production
Dry eyes occur when the body fails to produce sufficient tears, known as aqueous fluid. This condition is medically referred to as keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Various factors can lead to a reduction in tear production, contributing to the discomfort associated with dry eyes.
- Aging
Various medical conditions can contribute to eye-related issues, including Sjogren’s syndrome, allergic eye disease, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, graft-versus-host disease, sarcoidosis, thyroid disorders, and vitamin A deficiency.
Certain medications, such as antihistamines, decongestants, hormone replacement therapies, antidepressants, and those prescribed for high blood pressure, acne, birth control, and Parkinson’s disease, are noteworthy for their various therapeutic applications.
Corneal nerve desensitivity can occur due to the use of contact lenses, nerve damage, or laser eye surgery. While this condition may lead to symptoms of dry eyes, it is important to note that these symptoms are typically temporary following the procedure.
Increased tear evaporation
The oil film created by the meibomian glands located at the edges of the eyelids can become obstructed. This blockage is particularly prevalent among individuals with rosacea or other skin conditions.
Common causes of increased tear evaporation include:
- Posterior blepharitis (meibomian gland dysfunction)
Certain conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease, can lead to reduced blinking frequency. This phenomenon may also occur during activities that require intense concentration, including reading, driving, or working on a computer.
Eyelid issues can manifest in various forms, including ectropion, where the eyelids turn outward, and entropion, characterized by the eyelids turning inward. These conditions can lead to discomfort and may require medical attention to address the associated symptoms and prevent further complications.
- Eye allergies
- Preservatives in topical eye drops
- Wind, smoke or dry air
- Vitamin A deficiency
Risk factors
Factors that make it more likely that you’ll experience dry eyes include:
As individuals age, particularly those over 50, the production of tears often decreases, leading to a higher prevalence of dry eye conditions. This age-related change makes dry eyes more common among this demographic.
Women may experience a reduced ability to produce tears, particularly during periods of hormonal fluctuations such as pregnancy, the use of birth control pills, or menopause.
A diet deficient in vitamin A, which is abundant in foods such as , carrots, and broccoli, or lacking in omega-3 fatty acids, commonly found in fish, walnuts, and various vegetable oils, can lead to nutritional imbalances.
Individuals who wear contact lenses or have undergone refractive surgery should take note of their eye care needs.
Complications
People who have dry eyes may experience these complications:
- Eye infections.
Tears play a crucial role in safeguarding the surface of your eyes from infections. A deficiency in tear production can elevate the likelihood of developing eye infections.
- Damage to the surface of your eyes.
Severe dry eyes, if not addressed, can result in significant complications such as eye inflammation, corneal surface abrasions, corneal ulcers, and ultimately, vision loss.
- Decreased quality of life.
Dry eyes can hinder the ability to engage in routine tasks, such as reading.
Prevention
To manage dry eyes effectively, it is essential to identify the specific situations that trigger your symptoms. By recognizing these triggers, you can take proactive measures to avoid them, thereby reducing the likelihood of experiencing discomfort associated with dry eyes.
- Avoid air blowing in your eyes.
It is advisable to avoid directing hair dryers, car heaters, air conditioners, or fans towards your eyes.
- Add moisture to the air.
During the winter months, a humidifier serves to introduce moisture into the dry air found indoors.
- Consider wearing wraparound sunglasses or other protective eyewear.
Safety shields can be incorporated into the tops and sides of eyeglasses to effectively block wind and dry air. It is advisable to inquire about the availability of these shields at the point of purchase for your eyeglasses.
- Take eye breaks during long tasks.
To maintain visual health during activities that demand focus, it is essential to take regular breaks for your eyes. Consider closing your eyes for a few minutes or blinking rapidly for several seconds to help distribute tears evenly across the surface of your eyes. These simple practices can alleviate strain and promote comfort during prolonged periods of concentration.
- Be aware of your environment.
The atmosphere at high elevations, in arid regions, and aboard aircraft can often be quite dry. To alleviate the discomfort associated with such conditions, it is advisable to periodically close your eyes for a few minutes. This practice can help reduce the evaporation of tears, thereby providing some relief to your eyes.
- Position your computer screen below eye level.
Positioning your computer screen below eye level can help reduce the extent to which you need to open your eyes to see the display. When the screen is set higher, you tend to widen your eyes more, which can lead to increased evaporation of tears between blinks. By adjusting the screen’s height, you may promote better eye moisture retention and overall comfort during prolonged use.
- Stop smoking and avoid smoke.
If you are a smoker, consider consulting your healthcare provider to create a personalized plan to quit smoking that is most effective for you. For those who do not smoke, it is advisable to avoid exposure to individuals who do, as secondhand smoke can exacerbate symptoms of dry eyes.
- Use artificial tears regularly.
To manage chronic dry eyes effectively, it is advisable to use eye drops regularly, even when your eyes feel comfortable. This practice helps ensure that your eyes remain adequately lubricated at all times.
